Personal narrative about an experience that impacted you involving Essay

Individual account about an encounter that affected you including your instruction - Essay Example Scholastics was something that my folks put a lot of weight upon; they had contributed a lot of cash with the end goal of my training and along these lines needed me to exceed expectations more than I needed to. I was never acceptable in considers, however I generally invested energy attempting to satisfy my folks by attempting my best to get passing marks. The secondary school I went to had various clubs and affiliations connected with its renowned name and as understudies we were constantly urged to be a piece of them. There was one social assistance unit that didn't have an excessive number of understudies as a piece of it and along these lines the understudy body consistently asked understudies to go along with it so as to help the exceptional youngsters inside the city. Nonetheless, the club was always unable to pull in a great deal of consideration towards itself on the grounds that not every person needed to turn into a piece of a social unit intended for the government assist ance of in an unexpected way abled youngsters. My folks have consistently attempted to support beneficent associations and youthful vagrants to carry on with a superior life in the manner they can; my mom has raised me training me seemingly insignificant details like giving m old garments and continually taking nourishment for vagrants on happy events. These propensities have been instilled inside me so profound that some way or another sometime in the not so distant future, I was encouraged from inside to join the social assistance unit so as to cooperate with diversely abled youngsters and see how they led lives. With time, we were taken on field trips where we visited kids from different schools; some of them were visually impaired, some hard of hearing, and some were truly incapacitated. Be that as it may, I met a little youngster by the name of Austin, who was mentally unbalanced. Before long, we had a multi day more established kin program where we were each allocated a little youngster or young lady to encourage and support under our consideration. We were to carry on as their older siblings or sisters and show them a wide range of qualities and ethics and go through three days with them. I was doled out as Austin’s sibling. From the outset, I didn't see how to manage the little fellow since he generally thought on an alternate frequency †I was as yet not ready to see how to interface with Austin and before the finish of the primary day I felt baffled and frustrated on having had him delegated with me. In any case, as the subsequent day came and I tediously woke up to go meet Austin, I was astonished when he gave me a jigsaw that he had painted, cut up and made for me. He let me know with his slurry discourse that he had planned it on the story ‘Hansel and Gretel’ by the Grimm Brothers. I was incredibly contacted. That day, I met Austin’s educators also and they gave me his abilities and inventiveness. I was astounded to see that the kid had an astonishing feeling of craftsmanship †his artistic creations were something other than what's expected! His educators likewise revealed to me that regardless of his difficulties, Austin went through hours at an end perusing and being perused to, attempting to comprehend his writings and ensuring that he did well in his examinations, since his folks had faith in him and disclosed to him that God would remove his sickness in the event that he concentrated hard and made a big deal about himself. His folks had raised him by revealing to him consistently that his impediment was just a matter of point of view and that he was the one in particular who could transform it by making himself more astute step by step. Those musings hit me like an effect as I pondered internally that I was so fortunate to be genuinely fit not at all like Austin. Be that as it may, notwithstanding his difficulties, he was doing great in his examinations and gaining astounding ground. Till today, I am thankful to Austin for

Rival Ad

Key Points Achieving Strategic, Sustainable Competitive Advantage In The Global Marketplace The two companied had gone to an acknowledgment that their individual endeavors were not productive since they couldn't have the option to completely meet the desires because of their low limit and the opposition looked from different organizations. Notwithstanding, through their consolidating, they made an organization that had the ability to satisfy the market needs, make new and propelled promotion innovation and have the option to build their business all inclusive thus accomplishing a planned and maintainable c upper hand without wanting to compose a custom exposition test on Rival Ad-Tech Firms to Become One explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thinking Globally, Act Locally †Globalization The Global Markets The recently shaped organization, MediaOcean, would be an organization equipped towards conquering worldwide rivalry against other incredible advertisement org anizations particularly Google and other little yet solid organizations. Consequently, the proprietors of the two organizations had pondered how to improve their business in the worldwide market yet began by making a few strides in the neighborhood arrangement through combining their organizations into an enormous one that could defeat the difficulties and weight of the worldwide market. Consequently, they acted locally yet were targeting infiltrating the worldwide market. Imagination, Innovation Dynamic Change The recently shaped organization might accomplish a more significant level of business through making of further developed advertisement advancements and expanded scales consequently meeting the desires for the market thus expanding their intensity through expanded innovativeness and development. The two companied had subsequently made a stride of satisfying a powerful change through their union to flourish well in the worldwide market. Examination The two organizations, Dono van Data Systems Inc. (DDC) and MediaBank LCC had their own disparities in the activity of the promotion business and were fundamentally incredible contenders for a long time. What they had not understood throughout the years was that while they were occupied with attempting to defeat to one another, they were permitting space for foundation and improvement of significantly more noteworthy and increasingly serious organizations with a more prominent limit like Google. While DDC didn't have the ability to deliver cutting edge innovation promotions and subsequently clutched customary methods of ads, MediaBank needed scale in its deals and consequently didn't succeed well in the business.Advertising Looking for paper on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The consolidating of the two organizations was a commencement of another time of business since the new organization was exceptionally incredible and bri mming with limit. It might make trend setting innovation items and offer them to the clients at the worldwide stage and in an enormous limit. It might likewise contend all the more energetically with the mammoths of the advertisement systematic the Google and the other littler organizations. Through its expanded scales and an expanded client base due to the consolidation, the new organization might henceforth serenely work as a worldwide organization and to pull in numerous clients from everywhere throughout the world. Even better, the organization might at long last beginning using on the web methods for buying promotion space through utilization of cutting edge innovation in its activities. Ends Through the converging of the two adversary advertisement organizations to frame the mammoth MediaOcean organization, an incredible limit was imparted into the new organization in such a way, that it might increase an all inclusive acknowledgment and henceforth could without much of a stre tch work in the worldwide market. The organization could now appreciate progressively capital base and henceforth have the option to conquer any outside weight, rivalry just as having the option to propel innovation as it sprung up. The new organization thus contained a more elevated level of upper hand against its rivals and was subsequently ready to secure more deals and returns because of its worldwide base just as its combined client base. This is a procedure that couldn't just guarantee the company’s endurance in the market yet in addition its manageability in the advertisement business. This article on Rival Ad-Tech Firms to Become One was composed and put together by client Ann G. to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it likewise. You can give your paper here.

Sending More Troops Will Provide A Safer And More Secure Iraq Essay

Sending More Troops Will Provide A Safer And More Secure Iraq Essay Sending More Troops Will Provide A Safer And More Secure Iraq â€" Essay Example > Sending More Troops Will Provide a Safer and More Secure IraqIntroduction: Almost four years ago on March 19, 2003 a coalition force from thirty-five countries led by America initiated military action in Iraq. The reasons behind this military action included the perceived threat that the Saddaam Hussein regime in Iraq posed to the region and the world at a whole, removal of tyrannical regime, and providing freedom and democracy to the people of Iraq. (Bush Announces Start of Iraq War, 2003). The defeat of Saddam Hussein was swift meeting the first two objectives of the military action in Iraq. However securing the ground in the whole of Iraq to ensure the third object has foundered, leading to continued requirement of military presence and military action by the coalition forces in Iraq. This situation has continued for the last four years. In an initiative to ensure the safety and security of the elected government, and the ordinary citizens of Iraq, President Bush has decided to send 21,500 additional American military forces to Iraq (Abramowitz Wright, 2007). Overview of the Coalition Force Status in Iraq: More than thirty countries contributed to the coalition force that went into Iraq, but the bulk of the contribution was from the United States. Taking into consideration troop rotation there are approximately 133,000 coalition forces in Iraq. The strength of the American forces is 112,000 making the United States the largest single contributor to the coalition force in Iraq. The American forces also share the greatest responsibility in Iraq. All operations against insurgency and for security purposes are led by the American forces, except for the south-east of the country, where the British forces take up theses responsibilities (Coalition troops in Iraq). In addition to anti-insurgency operations and responsibility for security in the country, the American forces also are responsible of preventing infiltration through the extensive borders of the co untry with nations that are inimical to the coalition force efforts in Iraq, and hence support insurgency in Iraq. American forces are also responsible for the training of the nascent Iraqi security forces top make them an effective force to take over the responsibilities of the coalition force. Hence the American forces have large, and multiple roles to play in Iraq. In short what all this means is that the effectiveness of the coalition force in most of Iraq to meeting the current role of safety and security of the people of Iraq, is dependant on the strength and efficiency of the American forces that are part of the coalition forces present in Iraq (Williams, 2004). The military planners had requested 350,000 strong military force before the start of the war, for the objectives planned for it. It needs to be kept in mind that this force strength was planned, when the force of the insurgency with Saddam’s overthrow was underestimated. One of the earliest criticisms of the war planning lies in the decision to cut the force strength to less than half of what the military planners believed was the requirement to achieve their objectives. So at the outset there was a compromise in the size of the coalition force that was sent to Iraq. This has led to speculation as to whether a coalition force of the size, as planned by the military think tank would have led to a more safety and security in Iraq, than what the current coalition force are capable of proving in the face of all their responsibilities (Gordon Trainor, 2006). The addition of 21,500 troops augments the current coalition force strength, and would contribute to the providing additional safety and security in Iraq.

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The Racism Of Black Resentment - 900 Words

What happen to Jim Crow racism? Blacks are no longer second class citizens of the United States after the social movement of civil rights. Wrong, a new ideology has developed which still constitute racism; it is called color blind racism. The idea that blacks are better off today than 50 years ago, but will not reach the superiority as whites hold in many institutions. Color blind racism ideologies operate in four frames which is abstract liberalism, biologization of culture, naturalization of racial matter, and minimization of racism. Abstract liberalism involves race related issues in the language of liberalism; whites can appear reasonable and moral, while opposing almost all practical approaches to deal with racial inequalities. â€Å"Racial ideology â€Å"laissez fare racism† or â€Å"competitive racism† or argue that modern racism is essentially a combination of the â€Å"American greed† with anti-black resentment.† (Bonilla-Silva, Pg.30) The author suggests that these principles are evident when discussing issues such as affirmative action, interracial relationships, neighborhood, and residential segregation. There’s an interview in the chapter where a college student named sue at SU, is asked; if minority students should be provided unique opportunity to be admitted into universities? â€Å"I don’t think that they should be provided with unique opportunities. I think that that they should have the same opportunities as everyone else. You know, it’s up to them to meet the standards andShow MoreRelatedComparative Essay-to Kill a Mockingbird and I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings1065 Words   |  5 Pagesfully understand the racism in the story. Jem also has many similarities to the caged and free birds in â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings†, whether it be Jem’s innocence as a child or his realization of the reality of the world after watching a lawsuit of black versus white he always resembles one of the birds. Throughout â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† the caged bird is always holding resentment towards something. In â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† Jem starts to hold resentment after he watches hisRead MoreRacism : The Unseen Monster1511 Words   |  7 Pagesmonster as old as mankind itself. This monster is known by many names; some call it racism, others discrimination but the only thing certain about this monstrosity is that it can be overcome if we all unite to fight against it. Racism is â€Å"a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race† (Merriam Webster). Racism has multiple causes ranging from living in a secluded community, to the basic instinctsRead MoreBrownies by ZZ Packer Essay1116 Words   |  5 Pagessuffering for so long, in this case the African-American girls, they unintentionally react by becoming the agent of despair to others reg ardless guilt of innocence. To begin with, it is suitable to state that the encounter of the two Brownie Troops, black and white, early in the story is mainly based on skin color differences. At the start of this narrative, Lauren, the narrator of this account says: By our second day at Camp at Cresencio, the girls in my Brownie Troops had decided to kick the assesRead MoreThe Racial Contract And Sexual Contract Affect Poverty1495 Words   |  6 PagesTania Rodriguez Professor Myers HIS101-07 Exam What is resentment? How is resentment related to the emergence of racism and sexism? Resentment is not wanting others to have what they have or what you don?t have. There are various ways of how resentment is linked to racism and sexism. For example, resenting a certain race can be caused just by seeing that they are doing better than you. Similarly, there is a link of resentment in sexism. Some men may resent the fact that there has been a shift inRead MoreHow Does Harper Lee Present Racial Issues During the 1930s in the Novel ‚Äà ²to Kill a Mockingbird‚Äà ´?846 Words   |  4 PagesHarper lee has presented racism in the novel ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ by describing how blacks live and are treated harshly. The court case of Tom Robinson, which is the main part of the story is a metaphor that Harper Lee has created of the situation in the 1960 s. Things were not stable at the time and Tom s case is just one example of the racial discrimination the blacks were facing during this time. The racial tension in the 1930s was so serious that even when blacks did do well, they were stillRead MoreAnalysis Of Combahee River Collective839 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Combahee River Collective Statement† examines the relationship between racism, heterosexism, economics, and racism. The group of black feminists, Combahee River Collective, strived to firmly and clearly establish their position when it came to politics of feminism, and therefore separated from the male counterparts and white women (Thomas). In the statement, the activists dwell on four major topics, including the dawn of modern Black feminism, the domain of politics, short history and the issues andRead MoreObama Perfect Union Speech - Contemporary Racism1070 Words   |  5 PagesContemporary Racism President Obama’s speech â€Å"A More Perfect Union† was a response to many outbursts made about things that Reverend Jeremiah Wright, Obama’s former pastor, had said on issues of racism. The reverend made statements that Obama called dismissive when what the world needed most was unity to overcome the continual racism in the country. Quotes from the Reverend such as â€Å"In the  21st  century, white America got a wake-up call after 9/11/01. White America and the western world came toRead MoreComparing Racism Essays955 Words   |  4 Pageseach essay says about stereotypes, anger and racism in three individual sections. First, I will review the stereotypes. In the first Essay â€Å"Meaning of a Word,† stereotypes are not heavily addressed. But if I look deeper into the way the family members were talking about the guy who made a lot of money, this was as stereotype. It was the stereotype that a black person should be poor and not have made a lot of money. Although they themselves are black, they apply a negative stereotype against themselves;Read MoreRosewood the Movie715 Words   |  3 PagesThe movie Rosewood had a lot of impact on black and white people throughout the century. Rosewood stems from a small town located in central Florida. It co-existed with 120 people, mostly blacks who owned and farmed the surrounding land. On New Years Day of that year, Fanny Taylor, a white woman in the nearby predominantly white town of Sumner, ran out of her house screaming, bruised and battered, claiming that a black man had assaulted her. In fact, the beating had been at the hands of her whiteRead Mo reRacism Is A Relic Of The Past1102 Words   |  5 Pages#blacklivesmatter movement has been effective in bringing attention to anti-black racism in America; however, the commonly held understanding of racism, in particular how it is executed and its consequenses on the black community, has not evolved much from the past. News outlets and social media seems to present a thorough definition of racism and its consequences; racism is a white police officer beating or shooting a black teen, a white presidential candidate spewing racial slurs during his campaign

Olaudah Equiano a Man of Many Customs Free Essays

James Pajich Prof. Carla Lovett Hist. 105 18 October 2012 Olaudah Equiano: A Man of Many Customs The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano describes the life of a native African who was kidnapped from his homeland in the Eboe Province (which is now the Nigerian town of Isseke) at age eleven and thrown into the horrors of the African slave trade. We will write a custom essay sample on Olaudah Equiano: a Man of Many Customs or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unlike most victims of the slave trade, Equiano regained his freedom and experienced multiple facets of life that no one could have expected. Equiano became a man of diverse customs and values. However, due to the absence of written records’ it is often a matter of debate as to what his true origin really was. Throughout his autobiography, Olaudah Equiano defined himself as a native African. He used vivid illustrations of his homeland and experiences on the Middle Passage, and was even willing to defend the public’s view of him as a man of Africa. I personally define Equiano as a European citizen according to his customs, personal desires, and behavior. Equiano’s narrative played a key role in a variety of cultural, historical, and literary issues, therefore, the identification and ultimately the validity of its author take on special importance. While reading The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano I found it very apparent that Equiano viewed himself as an African born individual. He illustrated his culture and customs as an Igbo African in vivid details of culture, religion, law, and agriculture. (43-56) He also described the atrocities of the Atlantic slave trade as if he had recently experienced them: stating the smell, appearance, and reaction of his fellow slaves. 64-68) â€Å"Although culturally Equiano became â€Å"almost and Englishman,† embracing Christianity and British customs, the experiences Equiano shared with slaves and free people of color, and living in a world that did not differentiate between members of separate African communities, led him to consider himself also a son of Africa . † (21) Equiano embraced his African heritage throughout his life and even fought to uphold his reputation as such. There was an instance where two anonymous notes appeared in London papers charging that he was not from Africa at all, but was actually born on he Danish island of St. Croix in the Caribbean. Equiano realized that this claim falsified the validity of his Narrative and immediately confronted and threatened those responsible for the papers with legal action, providing actual witnesses of the fact that upon his arrival in England he was only able to speak an African language (24-25). This reaction shows that Equiano held much pride in his African identity and was willing defend it against those who claimed otherwise. However, there is evidence of significant authority that claims Equiano may have fabricated the origins of his identity. There are two certain documents, discovered by literary historian Vincent Carretta, that pinpoint the birthplace of Equiano in South Carolina that keep modern day scholars and historians from absolute certainty of his actual birthplace. One of these documents was written on February 9, 1759 in the baptismal registry of St. Margaret’s Church in Westminster, England. It read, â€Å"Gustavus Vassa (Olaudah Equiano) a Black born in Carolina 12 years old. † (26) The second document was from Equiano’s Arctic expedition in 1773. It claims that he was currently 28 years old and born in South Carolina. Neither of these findings is conclusive as to whether Equiano was African or American-born, but they certainly leave plenty of room for uncertainty. (26-27) I personally define Equiano as European, particularly an Englishman. Notions of English nationality are found in great abundance throughout the text. Equiano’s narrative repeatedly expresses his desire for a male English identity. He doesn’t view Englishness as a racially exclusive nationality, but one that evokes an ethnic identity that Equiano defines through Christianity, and citizenship. Two to three years after arriving in England Equiano claimed â€Å"I no longer looked at them as spirits, but as men superior to us; and therefore I had a stronger desire to resemble them; to imbibe their spirit, and imitate their manners I therefore embraced every occasion of improvement; and every new thing that I observed I treasured up in my memory. † (83) Here we see Equiano’s envy for his new â€Å"superiors† and his wish to possess their culture and belongings. This desire strongly encouraged my opinion of Equiano’s identity as European. My opinion was also influenced by Equiano’s acculturation into English society and customs during his early teen years. â€Å"I could now speak English tolerably well, and I perfectly understood everything that was said. I now not only felt myself quite easy with these new countrymen, but relished their society and manners. † (83) It is clear that Equiano identified his shipmates as his â€Å"countrymen† and personally enjoyed the interactions he had with each one of them. It was now between three and four years since I first came to England, a great part of which I had spent at sea; so that I became inured to that service, and began to consider myself as happily situated; for my master treated me always extremely well; and my attachment and gratitude to him were very great. From the various scenes I had beheld on ship-board, I soon grew a stranger to terror of every kind, and was, in that respect at least, almost an Englishman. † (83) This passage shows th at Equiano developed an affectionate relationship with his master and also that their bond strengthened Equiano’s identity as an adult man. Even more important, the identity Equiano is trying to proclaim for himself as an adult man, â€Å"a stranger to terror of every kind†, is as a European. There are also certain actions and beliefs that Equiano maintained that provoked the establishment of his European desires. For instance, he believed the only manner towards proper adulthood is as an Englishman. Equiano doesn’t come right out and say this but there is a point in the text where he noted that he considers himself very fortunate that he didn’t receive his family members’ tribal marking on his face, as is would have represented his entrance into mature Ibo manhood. As I was now amongst a people who had not their faces scarred, like some of the African nations where I had been, I was very glad that I did not let them ornament me in that manner† (69). Also, during Equiano’s voyage to Jamaica and the Mosquito Shore he went to see a Guineaman doctor to purchase slaves to cultivate a plantation. He even chose them according to their native land in hopes that it is near his own. (189) The identification of Olaudah Equiano is of the utmost importance because of the critical role he played in the antislavery movement. Even the timing f a personable voice speaking out against slavery was important because it was a time when opposition to slavery was scattered throughout Britain and America and Equiano’s narrative, along with other factors, helped assemble the movement into one of the greatest in British history. It was Equiano’s personal accounts and experiences that validated his narrative. He possessed the intelligence and capability to spread his ideas to men and women on all levels of British society. He also had the members of significant political authority to support his narrative to yet further its validity. Unfortunately, Equiano never had the opportunity to bare witness to what he worked so hardly toward because the slave trade ended in both England and the United State ten years after his death (1807). Conclusively, it is very apparent that Olaudah Equiano distinguished himself as an African-born man, even though I personally identify him as a man of European customs based on his desires, influences, and his acculturation into European society. Most importantly, Equiano’s narrative played a key role as an abolitionist tool in the fight against slavery and the identity of its author deems it valid as a historical document. How to cite Olaudah Equiano: a Man of Many Customs, Essay examples

Witch Hunt In Modern Europe Essays - Witchcraft, Witch Trials, Magic

Witch Hunt In Modern Europe The Witch-Hunt in Modern Europe by Brian Levack proved to be an interesting as well as insightful look at the intriguing world of the European practice of witchcraft and witch-hunts. The book offers a solid, reasonable interpretation of the accusation, prosecution, and execution for witchcraft in Europe between 1450 and 1750. Levack focuses mainly on the circumstances from which the witch-hunts emerged, as this report will examine. The causes of witch-hunting have been sometimes in publications portrayed differently from reality. The hunts were not prisoner escapee type hunts but rather a hunt that involved the identification of individuals who were believed to be engaged in a secret activity. Sometimes professional witch-hunters carried on the task, but judicial authorities performed most. The cause of most of these hunts is the multi-causal approach, which sees the emergence of new ideas about the witches and changes in the criminal law statutes. Both point to major religious changes and a lot of social tension among society. The intellectual foundations of the hunts were attributed to the witch's face-to-face pact with the devil and the periodic meetings of witches to engage in practices considered to be barbaric and heinous. The cumulative concept of witchcraft pointed immediately to the devil, the source of the magic and the one most witches adored. There was strong belief then that witches made pacts with the devil. Some would barter their soul to the devil in exchange for a gift or a taste of well being. Many believed that these witches observed a nocturnal Sabbath where they worshipped the devil and paid their homage to him. They were also accused of being an organization known for its cannibalistic practices of infanticide incest. Another component of this cumulative concept was the belief of the flight of witches. The belief for this was contributed to by the assumption that witches took flight from their homes to goto nocturnal meetings without their absence from home being detected. The belief in "flying night witches" was shared by many cultures in the modern world. These women were referred to as strigae, which was one of the many Latin terms for witches. As the reader first opens the legal foundations of witch-hunting, one finds that historically it was a judicial process from discovery to elimination. Levack states that before the thirteenth century European courts used a system of criminal procedure that made all crimes difficult to prosecute. This system was known as the accusatorial system and existed predominantly in northwestern Europe. When the thirteenth century came into being, a new technique, which gave more human judgement in the criminal process, was adopted in Western Europe secular courts. This new court was known as inquisitorial courts. The only difference between the new system and the old when suits were begun by accusation was that the accuser was no longer responsible for the actual prosecution of the case (pg. 72). The new procedures were not in reality an improvement due to the fact that the standards of proof according to inquisitorial procedure were very demanding. Since the adoption of inquisitorial procedure represented a shift from reliance upon man's rational judgement, jurists agreed that it was absolutely necessary for judges to have conclusive proof of guilt before passing sentence (pg. 79). They relied on Roman law and based their conclusions on two eyewitnesses and the confession of the accused. The development of full judicial power given to the state in the prosecution of a crime was a major event. From the early times, the secular courts in Europe had taken part in the witch-hunts, and now as the hunt developed further along, the secular courts grew an even greater role in the process. This caused a decline in ecclesiastical court participation due to the fact that governments defined witchcraft as a secular crime, and the temporal courts of some countries had a monopoly on the prosecution. The prosecution of magic was a "mixed jurisdiction" taken on by both courts but when convicted the guilty were executed under secular law. Since secular courts had jurisdiction over magic and maleficium they primarily assumed the significant role in prosecuting witches. As the hunt gathered steam in the sixteenth century, the developments resulted in a reduction of clerical jurisdiction and an increase in the amount of secular concern with it. The main reason was the defining of witchcraft as a secular crime. All of these factors led to a large-scale witch-hunts in Scotland but in some countries the retention of ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the crime led to a decline in