Violence Against Women ( Vaw ) Essay - 1153 Words

INTRODUCTION Violence against women (VAW) is, aggregately, vicious acts that are basically or solely dedicated against ladies. Some of the time considered a disdain wrongdoing, this sort of brutality focuses on a speciï ¬ c bunch with the casualty s sex as an essential thought process. This sort of viciousness is sexual orientation based, implying that the demonstrations of savagery are submitted against ladies explicitly on the grounds that they are ladies. The UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women states that: violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women and that violence against women is one of the crucial social mechanisms by which women are forced into a subordinate position compare with men.† Brutality against ladies can ï ¬ t into a few general classes. These incorporate roughness did by people and also states. A portion of the types of savagery executed by people are assault; aggressive behavior at home; lewd behavior; coercive utilization of contraceptives; female child murder; pre-birth sex choice; obstetric roughness and swarm brutality; and additionally unsafe standard or conventional practices, for example, honor killings, endowment viciousness, and female genital mutilation, marriage by snatching and constrained marriage. A few types of brutality are executed or excused by the state, for example, war assault; sexual savagery and sexual servitude amid struggle; constrainedShow MoreRelatedForms Of Violence Against Women1210 Words   |  5 Pages Forms of Violence Against Women Introduction In Pakistan, women live in a confined world that is structured by family, tribal, and religious customs. As such, women are subjected to not only violence but also discrimination on a daily basis. This has been brought about by the interpretation of Islam, the main religion in the country, which views women as persons needing maximum protection. This consequently leads to their oppression emotionally, physically, and mentally. They face various formsRead MoreViolence Against Women-an Issue of Human Rights2605 Words   |  11 PagesPAPER ON VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN-AN ISSUE OF HUMAN RIGHTS By Ms Shabana Kesar Asst. Professor Department of Women Education Maulana Azad National Urdu University Mailing address : Department of women education, MANUU, Gachchibowli, Hyderabad, 500032. E-mail ID: - sabasuri@gmail.com Paper- Violence against women[VAW]-An issue of Human Rights Synopsis:- ïÆ'Ëœ Introduction ïÆ'Ëœ issue of human rights ïÆ'Ëœ VAW a health social issue ïÆ'Ëœ Dimensions causes of violence ïÆ'Ëœ VAW a global Indian scenario ïÆ'Ëœ FailureRead MoreEssay Domestic Violence2426 Words   |  10 Pagespractice of violence is prevalent throughout the world and millions of people die every year because of violence. One of the most pervasive forms of violence is domestic violence (Heise et al., 1994) (Koenig et al., 2003), which is hampering the harmony of communities, families and even individuals. Millions of families and homes have been and are being destroyed every year because of domestic violence. There are many forms of domestic violence such as violence against spouses, women, men, childrenRead MorePolicy Analysis on Republic Act No. 92622016 Words   |  9 PagesThe fight for the rights of women against violence was emphasized during the Cold War and postwar era when women leaders brought up the subject relating to the rank of women in the society. This discussion resulted to the affirmation of the Decade for Women (1976-1985) which talks about the desire of women worldwide for equality, peace and dev elopment. Despite this improvement, violence against women was not acknowledged as a human rights issue up until the Vienna Conference on Human Rights whichRead MoreGender Based Violence Against Women Essay1844 Words   |  8 PagesNo two societies are the same, but all of them include violence against women. The book, Forsaken Females by A. Parrot and N. Cumming, gives important insight and a new understanding of the global brutalization of women. Violence against women can be defined as â€Å"any gender based violence that results in, or is likely to result, in physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion, or arbitrary deprivations of such liberty, whether occurring inRead MoreCrime Against Women and Challenges to Overcome Them5619 Words   |  23 Pagesâ€Å"Crimes against women and challenges in abolishing the crimes† ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- SUBMITTED BY: - Ritu Rajput DATE OF BIRTH:-28-09-1991 ADDRESS:-H.NO 1162 SECTOR-K AASHIANA COLONY LUCKNOW (U.P) TELEPHONE NO.:-07376756042 EMAIL: - riturajput.amity@gmail.com ------------------------------------------------- AMITY LAW UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW (UTTAR PRADESH) BA.LLB (2010-2015) 3rd YEAR, Semester VI Read MoreHonour Killings2634 Words   |  11 Pagesdaughters have been killed in the name of honor often condone such violent acts. Convicted killers often speak with defiant pride and without regret about their actions. The Concept of Honor Killing Honor Killing is one form of extreme violence perpetrated on women by men in certain societies. Most commonly, it is premeditated killing of a girl or a woman who is perceived to have besmirched her family’s honor by her sexual conduct. It is committed by the accused woman’s male kin in the name of restoringRead MoreSocial Media790 Words   |  4 Pagesinformation of violence related to women, but there is a report evaluating the effectiveness of social media campaign (Facebook, YouTube and Blog) demonstrating that social media is an influential medium to help prevent VAW (Liou 2013). Rasmussen (n.d.) and DVV(2015) confirm that social media plays an essential role to contribute to the primary prevention of VAW because it allows public to access information for their understanding leading to behavioural change. Some authors claim that women are seenRead MoreGulabi Gang and the Fight on Violence against Women1258 Words   |  5 PagesGulabi Gang and the Fight on Violence against Women In Uttar Pradesh, India, a group of women wearing pink saris and sticks called lathis (batons used by policemen) have been making news worldwide because of its radical method of beating abusive men / husbands to their wives with their sticks. This group of women is called the Gulabi or Pink Gang, and their objective is to provide justice to abused wives / women by beating their husbands with sticks (and in some instances, throwing chili to theirRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women Act910 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic violence affects millions of Americans in different circumstances annually. Over the years, the numbers of reported cases of domestic violence gained stable growth prompting social activists and legislators to draw stiff measures to counter the problem. About one in four women are affected by domestic violence in the United States. The Bureau of Justice Statistics estimates that at least four-hundred and seven-thousand incidents of domestic violence crimes were comm itted in the year 2010

Eth 125 Discrimination Worksheet Essay - 607 Words

Discrimination Worksheet ETH/125 March 24, 2013 Discrimination Worksheet ------------------------------------------------- Associate Program Material Discrimination Worksheet Write a 100- to 200-word response to each of the following questions. Provide citations for all the sources you use. * What is discrimination? How is discrimination different from prejudice and stereotyping? Discrimination comes in different forms. It can be direct when someone’s gender, ethnicity, faith, sexual orientation, age, disability or being transgender is used as an explicit reason for treating them differently. This is the kind of discrimination that people often recognize easily. An example would be if a person is fired at work†¦show more content†¦The erecting of walls (either real or psychological) between communities is a perfect breeding ground for discrimination. It is the responsibility of society to reject a them and us mentality wherever it is encountered and to ensure that young people get the opportunity to mix with people who have different backgrounds or characteristics. Schaefer, R. T. (2011). Racial and Ethnic Groups (13th ed.). : Pearson. Wright, W. (n.d.). Life123. Retrieved from http://www.life123.com/parenting/education/social-studies/causes-of-discrimination.shtml * How is discrimination faced by one identity group (race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, gender, sexual orientation, age, or disability) the same as discrimination faced by another? How are they different? Discriminating faced by one identity, group (race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, gender, sexual orientation, age, or disability) is the same as discrimination faced by another in many ways. The fact that the identity group is treated differently in either a positive or negative way is what makes them similar. If an Asian person is told to leave a store because the owner does not like Asian people or if a woman is told she cannot play a sport because they do not allow females they are both examples of how a certain identity group share the definition of discrimination. An example of how discrimination of a certain identity group can be different would beShow MoreRelatedDiversity Organizations Worksheet Essay801 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity Organizations Worksheet ETH/125 Cultural Diversity â€Æ' What has been the status of women in the United States throughout history? †¢ The serious studies of women written by amateur women scholars were ignored by the male-dominated history profession until the 1960s, when the first breakthroughs came. [ The field of womens history exploded dramatically after 1970, along with the growth of the new social history and the acceptance of women into graduate programs in historyRead MoreRacial Diversity by Nancy Devan1417 Words   |  6 PagesRacial Diversity by Nancy DeVan Racial Diversity: Historical Worksheet Racial Diversity ETH/125 Nancy DeVan March 1, 2013 Associate Program Material Racial Diversity: Historical Worksheet Answer the following questions in 100 to 250 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. †¢ Throughout most of U.S. history, in most locations, what race has been in the majority? What is the common ancestral background of most members of this group? The  United States  isRead MoreDiversity Worksheet1946 Words   |  8 Pagesand Disability Worksheet University of Phoenix ETH/125 Rob Fralick February 23, 2014 Associate Program Material Aging and Disability Worksheet Part I Identify 2 or 3 issues faced by the aging population. 1 Health 2 Income 3 Lonliness Answer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What is ageism? How does ageism influence the presence of diversity in society? Ageism is prejudice and discrimination against olderRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 PagesReview gives you access to our entire archive of more than 2,700 articles, stretching back over the past 50 years. To sign up, click on the â€Å"Subscribe Today† image in the upper-right corner of the home page. HBR IN OTHER LANGUAGES ONLINE WORKSHEET HBR PODCAST Use the two charts that accompany â€Å"The Process Audit, by † Michael Hammer, to ï ¬ gure out how well your organization’s processes are functioning and whether you need to make adjustments. Just click on the article title and then on

Value of Higher Education Free Essays

Abstract This paper shall argue that despite the costs of a higher education, a college or university education is of great value to every individual. Higher education prepares an individual for the working world through the imparting of specialized knowledge. A Higher education allows individuals to earn more at the end of their degrees, making up for the cost incurred during the pursuit of the degree. We will write a custom essay sample on Value of Higher Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now College education helps to provide students with critical thinking and communication skills that lasts a lifetime. A higher education helps an individual grow as a person, by exposing them to a wealth of knowledge and resources. College education helps students establish interpersonal networks, which include peers as well as professionals. Higher education teaches students about discipline and hard work, as well as about success and challenges. This paper shall conclude by noting a number of things students can do to get more value from their college or university education and by outlining some of the ways I as a student wish to further my career in accounting by graduating from the University of Phoenix. The Value of a Higher Education Higher education requires a considerable investment of time and money, as wall as a considerable lifestyle change. Those entering college or a university must not only be willing to pay tuition cost and school fees, and study for many years to get a degree, they must also arrange the rest of their lives around classes, exams, semesters, and summer breaks. Given the gargantuan effort it requires to secure a higher education, some may reasonably question the value of a college degree. It is well known that many successful and affluent people in our society†¦ How to cite Value of Higher Education, Essay examples

Organizational Diversity Programs and Cultures †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Diversity Programs and Cultures. Answer: Introduction The basic objective of this assignment is to make cultural analysis of the American multinational corporation, Nike, Inc. Nike is considered to be the largest supplier of apparel and athletic shoes and a chief manufacturer of sports equipment. The mission of Nike is to bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world. This report provides brief introduction regarding the operations of the company along with its current position. Another segment of this report provides information regarding the cultural analysis and the role played by national culture in Nikes corporate culture with the help of Hofstedes cultural dimension model. Furthermore, the strengths and weaknesses of Nike have been highlighted through a SWOT analysis. Moreover, this report also presents the assessment regarding the culture of Nike along with the conclusion regarding the findings and recommendations about the factors which can assist in the development of companys culture. Nike is a multinational corporation from America that is engaged in designing, developing, manufacturing, marketing and sales of apparel, footwear, accessories, equipment and services all across the globe. Nike was founded in the year 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports and officially acquired the name of Nike, Inc. in the year 1971. Nike is the largest supplier of apparel and athletic shoes in the world. The products of Nike are marketed under their own brand, as well as Nike +, Nike Pro, Nike Golf, Nile Blazers, Air Jordon, Air Max, Air Force 1, Converse and Hurley International. Its branch offices and subsidiaries are located in a number of countries including Brazil, Australia, Japan, Mexico, Germany, Ireland, Spain, Vietnam, Malaysia, New Zealand, South Africa, etc. Various high-profile sports team and athletes are sponsored by Nike across the globe, with highly acknowledged trademarks of the Swoosh and Just do it logo. The total number of employees employed by Nike is estimated to be 74,400 (Statista, 2017). In the year 2017, the brand value of Nike amounted to $29.6 billion and its revenue and total assets were estimated to be US$ 34.4 billion and US$ 23.26 billion (Nike, 2017). This part addresses the models and terms related to the topic. Organizational culture covers two elements. Firstly, it considers the performance of the organization in relation to the allocated tasks and secondly, it also takes into consideration the emotional feelings of employees regarding their work and organization. For supporting this idea, Andrew Brown (1998) explained organizational culture refers to the form of values, beliefs and learned ways of dealing with experience gained during the course of an organizations history, and which tend to be established in its material arrangements and in the activities of its associates. Levels of Organizational Culture Different authors propose different explanations and definitions of organizational culture. Organizational culture includes everything in the organization and assists the employees in achieving common goals. Organizational culture is defined as the set of values, artifacts and assumptions that arise as a result of interactions among the members of organization (Driskill Brenton, 2010). Organization culture is considered to be a pattern of basic assumptions that re regarded as valid and are imparted to the new members in the form of ways to think, feel and perceive in the organization (Nelson Quick, 2010). Three levels of organizational culture have been suggested by Edgar Schein namely artifacts, espoused values and basic assumptions. Ceremonies and rites- Nike celebrates its values with the help of ceremonies. It is strongly believed by Nike that the employees should be rewarded or compensated for their outstanding performances. This is ensured by providing rewards and benefits such as creating a positive working environment, ensuring the wellness of employees and providing them the opportunity to stay healthy and fit. Such reward occasions play an important role in motivating the employees and providing them recognition. Ceremonies such as annual meetings and conferences are held from time to time (Burkus, 2014). Stories- It includes stories regarding success and failures that play an important role in shaping organizational culture (Coe, 2017). Nike invests in their culture and offers their employees security, financial, competitive health, and work-life benefits. This in turn creates a sense of security among the employees. Nike offers opportunities for career benefits and personalized benefit options which allows an individual in attaining full potential. This has led Nike to reach new heights of success. Relocation facilities are also provided to the employees in case they find their placement at faraway places. Rituals- Nike believes in diversity and equality in the workplace. They encourage their employees to be innovative and creative by thinking out of the box. The efforts of the employees are valued by rewarding them. A positive working environment is aimed to be created by taking such steps. Symbols and Motto- Nike has a swoosh symbol that represent the wing of the renowned Greek Goddess of Victory. The motto of Nike is Just do it which encourages the employees to give their best efforts in taking the organization to new heights. Espoused Values- Espoused level is the second level of organizational culture which represent the clearly specified norms and values that are favored by an organization (Kinicki, 2008). The code of ethics of Nike provides a number of values. Nike believes that every employee must reflect their loyalty, honesty, fairness, trustworthiness, accountability and concern for others in their business. Nike is sensitive in keeping their good reputation and using good judgment in conducting business. Basic Assumptions- Basic assumptions are considered to be the most important level. The existence of Nike is for the purpose of serving athletes. Innovation is introduced in the products taking into consideration the needs of worlds best athletes. At Nike, every employee is considered to be an explorer. It is in its nature to innovate. Nike is passionate regarding believe that everyone should have the required tools for reaching their potential. Investment made by them in their employees is for inspiring new ideas, products and methods that drive the future of sport. Types of Culture Power- there are various organization in which there is centralization of power and decisions are made only by those who hold power (Persily, 2013). Nike does not have a centralization of power. It has delegated its decision making authority to the local market level. This mover towards decentralization by Nike is considered to be the reason behind rapid increase in international sales. Such decentralization has further increased the job satisfaction level of employees which in turn has subsequently reduced employee turnover (Peretz, Levi Fried, 2015). Excellent relationship is cited by the employees with management and fellow employees. Task- task culture is followed by the organization in which teams are formed for achievement of organizational goals. The working environment of Nike is similar to task culture. Every employee of Nike contributes to the achievement of the goals of the organization by providing their best efforts and ideas. Nike believes that success of the team is possible when everyone make equal contribution. Person- this type of culture puts greater emphasis on individuals. Individual specialization and expertise is essential. Nike gives greater importance to the hiring process. Biasness is completely eliminated from the critical moments of the process of hiring. The employment of individuals is completely dependent on their talent. Therefore, there is hiring of diverse individuals by supporting blind resume reviews and excluding data collection regarding the salary history for informing hiring decisions. In other words, diversity is followed in the organization. Role- It is a type of culture in which role are emphasized rather than individuals. This culture is a bureaucratic one in which rules and regulations are required to be followed strictly. This type of culture is not followed in Nike. Employees are not bound by rules and regulation instead they are given freedom for bringing their experiences, creativity and innovation. There is flexibility with respect to working hours in the organization which in turn provides the work-life balance to employees. Motivation System of Nike The guiding philosophy adopted by Nike has the power of influencing, inspiring and challenging employees on everyday basis. The employees are challenged through brainstorming sessions and group exercises for defining their possible future and the steps for reaching there. Nike invests in the providing learning and development opportunities which helps in amplifying the energy, talent and capabilities of employees. Successful employees are rewarded by Nike through excellent rewards and benefits. Competitive total compensation is offered by Nike including benefits opportunities for staying fit, ensuring wellbeing of their families and creating a positive working environment. As a multinational company, health coverage, time off, fitness center memberships, retirement savings, etc. varies in accordance with the geographic location. Total benefit package offered by Nike is dependent on location, position and years spend with company and includes paid vacation, holidays, health insurance, disability insurance, life and accident insurance, product discounts, employee stock purchase plan, retirement savings plan, transportation allowance, etc. The characteristics of corporate culture of Nike such as talented, diverse and inclusive helps in sustaining the business and market competence (Miller, Ngunjiri LoRusso, 2017). Such characteristics of the corporate culture of Nike helps in sustaining talent and infrastructure required for the production of most popular athlete shoes, apparel and equipment of the world. The diverse workforce is encouraged to openly share their ideas which facilitates the maximization of product development cycles in terms if creation of new designs for apparel, sport shoes and equipment (Christiansen Chandan, 2017). Inclusiveness is emphasized in the organizational culture of Nike Inc. which minimizes workforce problems supports streamlining apparel, athletic shoes and designs of equipment and process of production. The Role of National Culture in the Corporate Culture of Nike The total number of employees employed by Nike is estimated to be 74,400 (Statista, 2017). The largest concentration of its employees is in North America. The employees belonging to European Headquarters of Nike comes from more than 70 countries. The Greater China Campus of Nike which is Shanghai-based is home to several thousand employees. Nike Greater China is still concerned with the development of local talent along with making the discovery of varied range of candidates from the communities across the globe. Nike believes in breaking down the barriers, overcoming the differences bringing people together. The diversity of its employees is visible from the collection of its employee resource groups. Such networks assist in increasing cultural awareness, delivering career developmental experiences and demonstrating their commitment to diversity (Rice, 2015). This highlights the inclusiveness of all the communities. There are eight communities that are formed and managed by the empl oyees in Nike Inc. It includes Asia Pacific and Friends Network, Ability and Friends Network, Black Employee and Friends Network, Pride Network, Latino and Friends Network, Nike Military Veterans and Friends Network, Women of Nike and Friends Network, and Native American and Friends Network. Nike believes in unleashing the capability of every athlete by paying attention to the voices of each culture, country and community. Power Distance- Power Distance Index (PDI) is used at the time of considering the levels of inequality in the organization in terms of management styles, agreement between subordinates and superiors, etc. (Sun, 2009). In U.S., South Africa and Netherlands, the power distance is low while in other countries such as China, Chile, Brazil, Mexico, etc., the power distance is high. The world headquarters of Nike is situated in North America where there is low power distance. Therefore, this dimension does not affect Nike in North America. However, in some countries where it operates such as Mexico, Brazil, Chile, the high power distance influence its day to day working. Uncertainty Avoidance- Uncertainty avoidance refers to the preference of the country people regarding situations that offer clear rules relating to prices along with standards that govern behavior in case of uncertain changes. The employees in the offices do not want to take risk or stress in relation to the changes that have the capability of influencing their future. In U.S, Europe and Africa, the uncertainty avoidance index is low to medium which means the employees of Nike in such countries are not afraid of losing or leaving their jobs. In case they feel dissatisfaction with any of the factors such as environment, salary, working conditions, etc., they leave the job (Lee Kramer, 2016). Individualism- it means the preference of people to act as an individual or as a group or team (Hofstede, Hofstede Minkov, 2010). Individualism is high in U.S. and Africa. Employees of Nike in such countries handle the entire situation as an individual and not as a group. All the responsibilities and decisions are handled on their own. However, it is low in China, Chile, etc. where people want to act as a team. Masculinity- the higher side of this dimension represents masculinity which is defined by competitiveness and assertiveness. On the other hand, the lower side of this dimension demarcates feminine traits such as concern with the environment, laying stress on the quality of life, etc. China, South Africa and U.S. are considered to be masculine countries which in turn have subsequently increased the competitiveness among the employees. This is done with the help of excellent volunteering programs which encourages and motivates the employees to give their best for attaining a better position in the company (Luthans Doh, 2018). Long term/ Short term Orientation- this dimension is considered to be Confucian work dynamism which is dependent on the strategy of the company whether long term or short term. The goals and image of the Nike represents that the vision of such a big multinational company cannot be short term. Therefore, the location of the offices of Nike does not affect its long term vision. These dimensions assist in concluding that a significant role is played by the national culture in every multinational company. Diversity among the employees is openly accepted in Nike. Employees from all countries and cultures are given equal importance. All the employees are made comfortable at the workplace by incorporating a variety of programs that resolve their issues and queries in no time (Stahl Tung, 2015). SWOT Analysis of the Cultural Practice of Nike The Just do it approach adopted by Nike makes it a competitive organization which in turn shapes the attitude of employees towards the business. Cultural diversity is respected in Nike by emphasizing equality as an essential element of corporate culture (Downey, Werff, Thomas Plaut, 2015). Employees of Nike are motivated by offering various, financial, security, competitive health and work-life benefits. Employees want to work with the organization for attaining their full potential and personalized benefits. The work-life balance is impossible for the employees of Nike as Nike expects its employees to be available for the company 24/7. Growth of the employees in Nike is mainly dependent on networking. The company is considered to be weak in the authenticity of appraisal process. Therefore, employees finds slow growth rate in the organization. There is opportunity for Nike in improving its organizational culture by introducing programs that creates social integration among the employee (Alvesson Sveningsson, 2015). It will subsequently assist in building better community with more engaged employees. Nike should take steps for reducing the work burden on employees and allow them better growth opportunities then their competitors such as appraisal schemes. Other benefits should be offered such as savings from expenses related to work, vacations, health insurance, health savings account and employer-sponsored retirement plans. The biggest threat for the organizational culture of Nike is that the employees are switching to other companies as they find less opportunity for growth in the organization (O'Neill, Beauvais Scholl, 2016). Nike should focus on providing growth opportunities to employees in order to reduce the employee turnover otherwise it will result in heavy costs for the organization. Assessment about the Culture of Nike Analysis regarding the organizational culture of Nike provides that Nike aims to include a variety of perspectives as the contribution of each person results in the success of team. Groups are required to be formulated for characterizing the company into apparels, footwear, accessories and equipment. There are five stages of the group development model provided by Tuckman namely forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. Norming and performing stage seems to be appropriate for Nike since Nike is taking steps for resolving the differences between the employees along with taking initiatives for increasing social integration between them (Egolf, 2013). Performing stage is highlighted in the fact that Nike is able to achieve its teams goal with the help of the structures and processes set for this purpose. The different kind of views of the employees belonging to different countries, cultures and background are effectively managed in the organization by giving equal preferenc e to everyone (Guillaume, Dawson, Otaye?Ebede, Woods West, 2017). This is in turn allows effective decision making in Nike. The offices of Nike are situated in almost every part of the world. In each countrys office, employees are organized as a team for the completion of specified goals. Employees are given full freedom to express their views and suggestions regarding various issues for their improvement. As far as the type of team is concerned among problem-solving team, work group, quality team and virtual team, Nikes team comes under problem solving teams as such teams are temporary and assist in providing solution to specific problems. The makeup of the team is cross functional which helps Nike in analyzing the problem various perspectives (Uhlig, 2018). Among the four types of culture identified by Deal and Kennedy namely the tough-guy/macho culture, the work-hard/play-hard culture, the bet-your company culture and the process culture, the culture of Nike is similar to tough-guy macho culture where employees face stress as a result of high risk. Rapid feedback is provided to the employees with greater focus on their resent performance. This leads to impossibility in their work-life balance and greater frustration. Conclusion Nike is the leading company for athletic shoes, apparel and sports equipment. the organizational culture of Nike is does not have a severe impact on its working as employees understand that Nike is a multinational company which needs to handle a variety of issues in its branches across the world. The employees still want to work with Nike for gaining the experience of a multinational company. Various steps have been taken by Nike for motivating its employees including higher salaries, incentives and other benefits. The cultural equality in the workplace further motivates the employees to give their best efforts for the achievement of the organizational goals. The culture of Nike assists its employees in reaching their full potential. Recommendations The employees should be offered growth opportunities for their personal development. This should be in the form of improving the rewarding system. Increments, incentives for outstanding performances, promotions, awards, etc. should be provided to employees from time to time. This will assist in reducing the employee turnover of Nike and will significantly increase their satisfaction at workplace. The employees are expected to be available for company all the time. Nike should limit the working hours of the employees by specifying the work required to done in such time. If the employees work for extra hours, they should be offered good pay. The employee engagement can be improved with the help of communication trainings or social integration programs which will assist in team building by improving the communication skills and tolerance level of employees. References Alvesson, M. and Sveningsson, S., 2015.Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge..Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress. Routledge. Brown, A. D. 1998. Organisational Culture. Financial Times. Burkus, D. 2014. How to Tell if Your Company Has a Creative Culture, [Online]. Available at: https://hbr.org/2014/12/how-to-tell-if-your-company-has-a-creative-culture [Accessed on: 11 April 2018]. Christiansen, B. and Chandan, H. C. 2017. Handbook of Research on Organizational Culture and Diversity in the Modern Workforce. IGI Global. Coe, C. 2017. Managing Public and Nonprofit Organizations: Stories of Success and Failure. Routledge. Downey, S.N., Werff, L., Thomas, K.M. and Plaut, V.C., 2015. The role of diversity practices and inclusion in promoting trust and employee engagement.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,45(1), pp.35-44. Driskill, G. W. and Brenton, A. L. 2010. Organizational Culture in Action: A Cultural Analysis Workbook. SAGE Publications. Egolf, D. B. 2013. Forming Storming Norming Performing: Successful Communication in Groups and Teams (Third Edition). iUniverse. Hofstede, G, Hofstede, G. J. and Minkov, M. 2010. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, Third Edition. McGraw Hill Professional. Hogan, S.J. and Coote, L.V., 2014. Organizational culture, innovation, and performance: A test of Schein's model.Journal of Business Research,67(8), pp.1609-1621. Kinicki. 2008. Organizational Behavior 3E. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Lee, Y. and Kramer, A., 2016. National Culture, Organizational Culture, and Purposeful Diversity and Inclusion Strategy. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2016, No. 1, p. 11858). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management. Luthans, F. and Doh, J.P., 2018.International management: Culture, strategy, and behavior. McGraw-Hill. Miller, D.W., Ngunjiri, F.W. and LoRusso, J.D., 2017. Human resources perceptions of corporate chaplains: enhancing positive organizational culture.Journal of Management, Spirituality Religion,14(3), pp.196-215. Nelson, D. L. and Quick, J. C. 2010. Organizational Behavior: Science, The Real World, and You. Cengage Learning. Nike. 2017. NIKE, INC. REPORTS FISCAL 2017 FOURTH QUARTER AND FULL YEAR RESULTS, [Online]. Available at: https://news.nike.com/news/nike-inc-reports-fiscal-2017-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-results [Accessed on: 7 April 2018]. O'Neill, J.W., Beauvais, L.L. and Scholl, R.W., 2016. The use of organizational culture and structure to guide strategic behavior: An information processing perspective.Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management,2(2). Peretz, H., Levi, A. and Fried, Y., 2015. Organizational diversity programs across cultures: effects on absenteeism, turnover, performance and innovation.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,26(6), pp.875-903. Persily, C. A. 2013. Team Leadership and Partnering in Nursing and Health Care. Springer Publishing Company. Rice, M.F., 2015.Diversity and public administration. ME Sharpe. Stahl, G.K. and Tung, R.L., 2015. Towards a more balanced treatment of culture in international business studies: The need for positive cross-cultural scholarship.Journal of International Business Studies,46(4), pp.391-414. Statista. 2017. Number of employees of Nike worldwide from 2009 to 2017, [Online]. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/243199/number-of-employees-of-nike-worldwide/ [Accessed on: 7 April 2018]. Sun, S., 2009. Organizational culture and its themes.International Journal of Business and Management,3(12), p.137. Uhlig, D. K. 2018. 5 Teams Every Organization Needs, [Online]. Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/5-teams-organization-needs-33992.html [Accessed on: 13 April 2018].

The Culture Of Pakistan Essays - Iranian Plateau, Pakistan

The Culture of Pakistan The Culture of Pakistan: An Interview with Sohail Shah by Introduction to Sociology, MTW 10am Mrs. Linda Cook February 15, 1995 I am always fascinated with other people's cultures. The New York or Californian culture always amazes me although these states are in the United States. These areas of the nation seem very different than Texas. I do not have any friends that have recently moved here from another culture so, I set out to my neighborhood Stop N Go. The clerks at this convenience store are all from other countries. One clerk whom I have talked to many times, named Sohail Shah, always spoke of Pakistan. I often listened to his stories of being in the Karachi police force or of Pakistan's different customs. Sohail Shah, a thirty year old male clerk at the Stop N Go located on North Braeswood near Chimney Rock, has been in the United States for four years. He moved here with his wife and two children to "escape punishment". Sohail claims he was in the secret police protecting th e president when many governmental changes were made. Many of his co-workers were put in jail for many years for reasons he would not openly discuss. He has to work two jobs because his wife does not work. According to Mr. Shah, she will never work. In Pakistan, women are to stay home and raise children. Currently, Sohail is observing the holy month of fasting called Ramadan. This is observed during the ninth month of the Islamic year and is ordained by the Koran, the Islam holy book. The fasting begins every morning at dawn and ends immediately at sunset. Muslims cannot eat, drink or smoke at all. In the evening, regular activities resume. The Islam driven culture of Pakistan shapes everyday life. Each day, all Muslims pray five times. The first is before sunrise, the second around noon, the third in the late afternoon, the fourth immediately after sunset, and the fifth before retiring and before midnight. They face the Kaaba, which is a small box in Mecca. No matter where a Muslim is, he will pause, face the East, and pray when it is time. When Sohail lived in Pakistan, he lived in a house with his whole family. As an adult, he lived with his parents and siblings as well as his wife and children. The house was large enough to accommodate over fourteen people. All the women stayed home to keep up the house and prepare meals. If the women were to go to the market, they would completely cover themselves except for their eyes. Women were not to be seen in public without covers. Also, the wives wait for their husbands to come home before eating. The Koran approves of polygamy, allowing up to four wives. If a Pakistani decides to marry a second wife, his first wife must approve of her. Shah says polygamy is not very common in Pakistan. A typical day in Pakistan for Shah was to wake up before sunrise and pray. His wife would prepare breakfast for him before he left for work. He would leave for his police work when an armored truck stopped at his house. He was an of ficer in the police force before being promoted to the secret police. Shah rode around Karachi, the largest city in Pakistan, in the truck with twelve other rifle carrying policemen the entire day. Although there is nearly zero crime in Pakistan, the threat of terrorism keeps the police busy. The crime situation is based on severe punishments such as amputation of a hand for stealing. In addition, the people of Pakistan have a very strong conscience. People leave their homes and businesses unlocked while away. When Sohail returned home, his wife would have dinner already made for him and his entire family would eat when all the men returned from work. While the men are away, the women take care of the children, bake bread, and make pottery or baskets to sell at the market. His large family would then discuss different topics of interest before retiring. I found that the funeral arrangements are somewhat strange. First, women may go to

The Rise of Municipal Police Forces essays

The Rise of Municipal Police Forces essays While the history of American policing can be traced to its English origins, the American system of policing evolved from an amalgamation of systems from England, France, and Spain. Many policing problems plagued the new cities of America. They included controlling certain classes, including slaves and Indians; maintaining order; regulating specialized functions such as selling in the market, delivering goods, making bread, packing goods for export; maintaining health and sanitation; ensuring the orderly use of the streets by vehicles; controlling liquor; controlling gambling and vice; controlling weapons; managing pests and other animals (Nalla These early police services had little to do with crime control, and were performed by volunteer citizens who served on slave patrols or Night Watches. Policing became formalize with the adoption of regular night watches, manned by volunteers that ultimately culminated in paid forces that provided service around the clock. These forces underwent reform that professionalized (bureaucratized) and attempted to depoliticize the police. In this process, police narrowed their mandate to crime-fighting, and motorized patrol replaced foot patrol with the police rapidly adopting more modern technology. The bulk of modern police history shows that each succeeding advance inadvertently distanced the police further and further from the people they ostensibly served. Each effort to improve police efficiency and effectiveness was a response to an obvious social problem, but few recognized the downside to each change was increasing isolation from the community. Though the system had serious flaws , night watches functioned fairly well as long as America remained primarily an agrarian society. However, at the turn of the nineteenth century, the drawbacks were becoming difficult to ignore. One major problem was that local watchmen were notoriously lax, ...

The Fashion Industry and Trends Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

The Fashion Industry and Trends - Research Paper Example However, marketing in the fashion business holds a very important post because only when the clothes are marketed in a proper manner will they pose as appealing to the consumers; an individual might not know the need for different pieces of clothing and accessories unless they appeal to him or her and are displayed in such a manner. The fashion industry thus makes use of very interesting methods to market its brands as well as the products in order to keep the sales soaring and the customers happy. Men and women all around the world change trends on a daily basis; is it because of film stars portraying different glamorous images that the common people are desperate to have in order to make their lives more interesting? Or is it because people want an extra push in order to motivate themselves to look their best and feel good from the outside? Whatever the reason might be, there are many people willing to shell out their earnings for a nice dress or suit, and this is all because of the marketing that fashion industries are clever enough to do. One of the most famous techniques that almost all fashion houses make use of are using supermodels, actors, and other such famous people in order to model their clothing for them. They make them the brand ambassadors for their clothing brands and design clothes for them to wear to their high society parties. These dresses are then worn with different kinds of shoes and accessories and their photographs are conceptualized by the media on t he news as well as the internet, making common people yearn for the same look. Fashion houses then make use of cheaper fabrics and raw materials in order to make the same design and sell those clothes to the commoners on a more affordable basis. There have been numerous instances where famous movie stars wear certain clothes and then advertise them through photographs for fashion companies.

Single parenting and the effects it will have on children and they how Annotated Bibliography

Single parenting and the effects it will have on children and they how handle relationships - Annotated Bibliography Example ng child can be difficult, besides the obvious economic hardships there are many psychological effects resulting in depression and behavioral instability. Another reason for increase in number of single parent led families is outside or before marriage births and it is estimated that about 40 percent of the total births in America occur without marriage (Ablow). Research shows that the child subjected to a divorce or living alone with a parent since birth can have low self esteem, rebellious behavior and an overall negativity towards marriage and opposite sex (Coontz). The research takes into consideration a popular sitcom, â€Å"two and a half men† and investigates the core issues the child faces after parental divorce and the influencing factors in his life as well as the nature of relationships the child has with others. It would further compare popular research material based on single parenting recommending practical steps that can be taken to avoid negativity in a child. It shall furthermore explain different parenting styles including authoritative, permissive and authoritarian approaches and propose the most suitable style for such children. The sitcom Two and a Half Men revolves around three main characters; Alan Harper (Father), Charlie Harper (Uncle) and Jake Harper (Child). Alan is a dim wit and weak personality with childhood issues of his own, lives with his brother but has no say in the household matters. He has a tendency to be obnoxious, exhibits vindictive behavior towards her mother and sees his alcoholic brother as an inspiration. Jake is a lethargic child with low self esteem and no real ambitions, after his parent’s divorce he spends time with his mother and father but is more influenced by his father and uncle. He has low intelligence and no concern for personal hygiene but is aware of the norms prevalent in the house; norms set by Charlie. Charlie Harper is an alcoholic and sex addict on a self destructive pattern, a confident and self

Public policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Public policy - Essay Example But they are a happy and hospitable people. It is a common public policy to smile and be hospitable to any foreigner who comes in and visit one of their islands. The Filipinos are proud of their race. They smile when they see a tourist: that’s tourism policy number one. Tourism has been a flourishing industry in the Philippines and an attractive business venture because of its beautiful scenic spots, baroque churches, white beaches and various heritage sites, a legacy of the hundreds of years of Spanish colonization, and subsequently the American colonization which led to the Philippine independence on June 12, 1898. However, the Philippine tourism industry has passed through various stages of decay and then development. If public policies had been enforced to the letter, the Philippines could have been the number one tourist destination in Asia because of its rich heritage, historic spots, rich natural resources, and a hospitable people willing to receive any guests who have entered into their shore lines. Tourism was used for political purposes during the regime of President Ferdinand Marcos. Tourism policies during Marcos’s time were concentrated on government efforts to gain support from foreign governments, especially during the period when he declared martial law. There was no popular support or cooperation from the local community who had mixed feelings of fear, hatred and remorse over the dictatorship. Human rights violations were rampant. Resorts, hotels and other business establishments were owned by Marcos ‘cronies’. Rebel groups started to surface, and there almost anarchy in the streets. People power led by Corazon Aquino, wife of the martyred opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. led to the toppling of the dictatorship. Tourism was totally down at that time. (Gray, 2008, p. 369) When the dictator Marcos was overthrown by a people-power revolt, Corazon ‘Cory’ Aquino took over, and once again, her government used

The Psychological And Physical Aspects Of Hypnosis Philosophy Essay

The Psychological And Physical Aspects Of Hypnosis Philosophy Essay In this essay I am going to look at what hypnosis is. I will look at the definition of the word hypnosis and how it relates to the practice of hypnotherapy. I will then go on to look at the history, paying particular attention to Franz Mesmer and James Braid. We will look at the difference between hypnosis and meditation and the common myths surrounding hypnosis. And also the physical effects hypnosis can have on patients. Hypnosis comes from the Greek word Hypnos which means to sleep. Hypnosis is a state of relaxation where the state of awareness is elevated by suggestion. Forms of hypnosis have been used as long ago as forth century BC, with evidence to support it being used by the ancient Greeks and Romans. We will now look at Franz Anton Mesmer (1734 1815) who was born in Iznang, Germany. Mesmer originally studied medicine, where he published his doctoral, On the influence of the planets on the Human Body. The dissertation discussed the relationship between the human body and disease in relation to the moon and planets. Although this was later thought to be plagiarised from the work of Richard Mead (1673 1754) In 1768 Mesmer married wealthy widow Anna Maria Von Posch and moved to Vienna, where he began his work on what he would later call animal magnetism. Mesmer had always been convinced that he had more magnetic power than most people, and so could work the cures better (Waterfield, 2004: 88) Mesmers work with Franziska Osterlin in 1774, involved her swallowing iron and then placing magnets on the different parts of her body. The patient claimed to feel fluid flowing through her body and several hours later her symptoms had gone. Mesmer however did not believe that this was due to the magnets alone and that it was the animal magnetism that had in fact relieved her of her symptoms. By 1776 Mesmer was surrounded by a scandal after he attempted to restore the vision of Maria Theresia Paradis, a musician who had been blind since birth. Mesmer attempted to restore the musicians sight but subsequently she lost all ability to play the piano and was taken away by her parents and Mesmer was then under speculation of using magic. Mesmer then left Vienna and moved to Paris where he started a medical practice. Whilst in Paris Mesmer worked with individuals and groups, by 1780 Mesmer had too many patients and therefore used a treatment called baquet where he would treat up to 20 people at a time. In 1784 and at the request of King Louis XVI a series of experiments were conducted by members of the Faculty of medicine to distinguish if Mesmer had in fact discovered a new physical fluid. However there was no evidence to prove this and that it was in fact down to the imagination. Mesmer died in 1815 of a stoke and in his last 20 years no one knows of any further work that Mesmer may have done. Alexandre Bertrand (1795 1831) work was of huge significance to the history of hypnosis. He did not agree with Mesmers theory of a mystical fluid and believed that it was the art of suggestion. James Braid (1795 1860) began working on his own method of mesmerisation after witnessing a demonstration which showed subjects going into a physical state quite different to their normal behaviour. After much work Braid changed his theory of it being a sleep-based physiological theory to a psychological theory. Braid believed that hypnotism was a nervous sleep which could be inflicted by staring at a bright object, although much later Braid stated that only a small minority could be affected (only 10%.) Braid used the word hypnosis which led to much confusion as people believe that they would in fact be asleep, Braid did try and later re-name this to monoeidism but people continued to use the word hypnosis, which is what it is still referred to today. Later Braid stopped using bright objects after realising that he could achieve the same outcome simply by talking to his patients with suggestion. He distinguished the shallow and deep phrases or layers of the trance states; the first he called sub-hypnotic and claimed that it was this that the electro-biologists could produce; the second he called the double conscious, because he found his subjects to be dissociated (as we would now say) from their normal states. (Waterfield, 2004: 203) A strong follower of Braids work was Ambroise-Auguste Liebeault (1823 1904) who was the founder of the Nancy School, also known as the Suggestion School believed that the verbal suggestion was a powerful tool in successfully treating medical conditions and believed that everyone could be hypnotized. Due to the controversy surrounding hypnosis and the difficulty in obtaining consent from his patients Liebeault gave his patients a choice. They could either pay for the traditional treatment or consent to hypnotherapy which they could get for free, due to most of Liebeaults patients being poor many agreed to hypnosis, allowing Liebeault to continue to develop hypnosis. Many people have the incorrect belief that meditation and hypnosis are in fact the same thing; however it is important to distinguish the differences. Whilst they do share similar techniques such as visualisation and breathing, meditation is used to free the mind from conscious thought, whereas hypnotherapy is used for a specific outcome. Therefore whilst meditation and hypnotherapy both aim to relax the patient, hypnotherapy will then lead the patient through therapeutic suggestions. This technique can then be used to change the sub-conscious mind, e.g. telling a person who wants to quit smoking that smoking is bad for them. Hypnotherapy is a tool that can be used to deliver messages to the sub-conscious mind. There has been much research done on the physical aspects of hypnosis. A number of scientists who have done such research on this subject believe that there are no physical differences to being under hypnosis and those who are not. These scientists state that although the heart rate who slower this was the same for those who were in a relaxed state. However what has been found to be different is the brain activity. Electroencephalographs or EGGs are used to measure a persons electrical brain activity, the first recorded was in 1929 by Hans Barger. Brain waves look consistently different in people who as awake compare to those who are asleep, and people who are relaxed compare to those who are at full alert. Neurologists believe that the brain has two sides, the right side controls a persons creativity and the left is the logical control centre. Whilst under hypnosis, scientists have found that the left side of the brain has a reduced level of activity. There are four types of brain w aves, beta, alpha, theta and delta. Beta brain waves are when a person is awake and fully conscious. Like I am now whilst writing this, I am fully alert and my conscious mind is in control. Alpha brain waves are what everyone has throughout the day. This is when a person day dreams or closes their eyes to relax. In alpha the subconscious mind is being more dominant over the conscious mind. A person is in a light trance, it is in this state that hypnotic suggestion can have effective results. Theta brain waves can be present when meditating, dreaming or being in the zone. The subconscious mind is totally in control. A hypnotherapist can take you to past experiences and where emotions can be found. Theta brain waves can also be present when doing tasks that a person does often. Such as driving home from work, its a journey that you are used to and know the roads well, but a person can bring themselves out of theta in these situations is order to drive carefully. It is quite common when going into theta on a familiar drive that you cant actually remember part of the journey. Delta brain waves are when we go into our subconscious and no other brain waves are present. Delta is what we experience when we are asleep. Most people do not fall asleep when they are under hypnosis, if this does happen then the client can come back into theta state where they can follow the suggestions given by hypnotherapist. If a client stays in delta then suggestion will not work and it will not be effective in the subconscious mind. There are many myths surrounding hypnosis, which still leads people to be dismissive of this form of therapy. This includes the popular belief that hypnotists have some sort of Special Powers and that they can use these powers to get their patients to do silly things, e.g. cluck like a chicken every time the door bell rings or to say or do something that they do not wish to do. This is not the case and everyone under hypnosis is in control and will not do anything they do not wish to do. If you are under hypnosis and someone tells you to do something that you do not wish to do you simply will not do it and it most cases it will actually bring you out of the hypnotic state. Another myth is that people who have hypnosis are weak minded, it is true that the best patients are those that have a creative imagination and are open to the idea of hypnosis will go into the relaxed state easier and deeper but it is true that everyone is suggestible and therefore it is not that it will only work on weak minded people. It is also a common belief that hypnosis can make a person physically stronger or a better athlete. However hypnosis can only enhance a persons existing physical capabilities. There are many more myths surrounding hypnosis which still leave people reluctant to try this form of therapy, these myths will only disperse once people fully understand what hypnosis is.

Mutable Feminists: Are We Ready for Them? ::

Mutable Feminists: Are We Ready for Them? Throughout history, as women struggled to gain equality with men, these suffragettes were often ostracized and not accepted by society. In today’s world we find the basic rights which these women were fighting for fair, and the thought that someone would have opposed a woman’s right to vote seems ridiculous. Our society likes to feel that we are less rigid and very open-minded, but is there a type of equality, which we are still not prepared to accept? The two science fiction novels, He, She, and It by Marge Piercy, and The Ship Who Sang by Anne McCaffrey both make strong predictions about the technology, government, and social aspects of the future. Piercy and McCaffrey also express similar feminist views through the characters of Nili and Helva. Although they come from completely different hypothetical universes, these women are able to accomplish amazing feats without falling into a label, and are completely comfortable and proud of who they are. Helva and Nili exemplify feminists who use their strength and confidence with themselves, their constantly mutating attitudes and personalities, and their unique relationships with others to make incredible changes in their worlds. Although the characters of Helva, from The Ship Who Sang, and Nili from He, She, and It, are very different, they actually possess very similar personalities and characteristics. Helva is a human who was crippled at birth and transformed into a shell person. She lives her life inside the safety of a titanium shell, and without the shell’s protection she would be dead. Helva’s limitations may seem severe; however, the shell, which Helva lives in, allows her to have extreme capabilities far more advanced than any regular human’s. Therefore Helva is physically disabled, yet at the same time physically superior. Nili is very different in that she appears to have the body of an average human, and she has the abilities that humans have without needing a shell to protect her. However, they are both very similar because both Helva and Nili need their technological advances in order to survive. If Nili had not undergone alterations as a child, she would have been u nable to survive the incredibly harsh conditions of ‘the black zone’ where she was raised.

Human Aggression In The Social Context: An Analysis Of The Reasons Why Human Beings Fight

Human aggression has been consistently blamed for the growing incidence of violence all over the world. The link between aggression and violence is clear when we are to consider factors other than biological and psychological factors. This paper aims to establish a clear evidence of the direct influence of social factors in human aggression. Further, this paper aimed at establishing the fact that suppressing violence is possible when social factors are controlled.For the purpose of initial discussion, this paper preferred to briefly discuss the definition of human aggression using official definitions for the purpose of establishing a common ground. Biological and psychological factors are no more discussed, aside from comparison some part of the paper for the reason that this paper focuses on the role of social factors in human aggression.Bulk of this paper discusses and investigates the role of social factors and the social responsibility towards human aggression. A conclusion and a number of recommendations are offered by the writer for the readers’ consideration.The United Nations, an international organization of countries in the world aimed at 1maintaining international peace and security, had in its 2319th Plenary Meeting adopted a board resolution for the official definition of aggression.UN addressed aggression in a global concept as â€Å"the most serious and dangerous form of the illegal use of force, being fraught, in the conditions created by the existence of all types of weapons of mass destruction, with the possible threat of a world conflict and all its catastrophic consequences† (Resolution 3314, Annex).For the purpose of a broader discussion of the subject, this writer finds it important to present the qualifications of aggression outlined and approved by the UN Board (Article 3):1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The invasion, attack or occupation by the armed forces of a State of the terr itory of another State by the use of force.2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Bombardment by the armed forces of a State against the territory of another State or the use of any weapons.3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The blockade of the ports or coasts of a State by the armed forces of another State.4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An attack by the armed forces of a State on the land, sea or air forces, or marine and air fleets of another State.5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of armed forces of one State which are within the territory of another State in contravention of the conditions provided for in the agreement or any extension of their presence in such territory beyond the termination of the agreement.6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The action of a State in allowing its territory to be used by that other State for perpetrating an act of aggression against a third State.7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The sending by or on behalf of a State of armed bands, groups, irregulars or mercenaries, which carry out acts of armed force against another State.In consideration of the above qualifications, we can draw out just one general idea of how UN regard aggression and that is any act that will harm other countries or state. Needed to be stressed, the Board Resolution also qualified that such acts are considered as aggression regardless of the declaration of war.The etymology of the word will also lead us to the same element as with that of the United Nation’s official definition. Merriam-Webster defines aggression as(1) a forceful action or procedure (as an unprovoked attack) especially when intended to dominate or master,(2) the practice of making attacks or encroachments; especially unprovoked violation by one country of the territorial integrity of another (3) hostile, injurious, or destructive behavior or outlook especially when caused by frustration. It is a derivation of the Latin word aggressio which means â€Å"attack† (Merriam-Webster Online).Sarah Mc Cawley has adapted a more direct and simple definition: 2â€Å"Aggression is an action. It is intended to harm someone.† Mc Cawley stressed that aggression as an action can be in a verbal or physical manner. The main point of the above definitions is the presence and intention of producing harm.Prominent personalities in related fields of sciences seem to agree on the said definition. But when it comes to the analysis of the caused of aggression, biologists, psychologists and even social psychologists differ in their views and interpretations of study results.The debate between and the natural (innate) and socio-cultural (learned) causes of aggression had been an international issue for many years. Desp ite the long list of studies and experiments done on the subject, violence, as a result of aggression still continues to dominate over peace. It is therefore important to find out why while biological factors of aggression have been proven to be valid not all persons resort to violence.There must be something else that provokes human aggression as suggested by the difference in crime rates or incidents of violence in different areas and regions of the world. There must be something outside the human nature of aggressiveness that induces him to fight. This paper asserts that â€Å"social conditions also contribute to the expression of aggression† (J. Taylor & J. Nellist).Bandura is well-known for his 4Social Learning Theory which he developed using his experiment on kids and bo-bo dolls. This theory holds that humans are not innately aggressive (S. Mc Cawley). Bandura asserts that children to be aggressive in two ways:   by observation and from receiving rewards for the aggr essive behavior. Mc Cawley offered a logical example of the observation process.A child for example is a witness of how his father beats his wife after some sort of heated argument. After showing such aggressive behavior, the father obviously had successfully dominated the situation and because of beating his wife, the argument then stopped.In the child’s eyes, his father’s aggressive behavior (beating his wife) is a way of resolving the problem (wife arguing with the husband). The reward then for the aggressive behavior is that the argument had been stopped. This is an example of observational learning (J. Liu).Rewards may also come in different ways: 5getting control of the situation, getting praise/ positive reinforcement for the aggressive behavior or by stopping aggression by others or the negative reinforcement.For example, the father has to beat his wife in order to stop nagging so the reward for being aggressive is of having the goal of stopping the wifeâ€℠¢s nagging. If a child tries to bully another child in force him to lend him a toy, the aggressive behavior is rewarded when the other child gave up his toy because the other tries to hurt him.Negative reinforcement happens when a child tries to threaten other child that he sees as a potential threat to his toys or food. For example, child A will warn child B not to get his toys otherwise child A will no more let him in their house ever again.If child B being threatened will not in turn get the toys, child A is being rewarded for his aggressive behavior. Having been either positively rewarded or successful by negative reinforcement, the child gets to repeat the aggressive behavior over and over again.An individual who had experienced or is currently experiencing some sort of violence are believed to be more aggressive than those who are not exposed to it. This is maintained by the concept of 3victim association as asserted by Nathanson and Cantor. In their experiment, two sets of ch ildren were asked to watch a violent movie.One set were advised to feel the emotions of the victims in the movie they are to watch. The other set watched the movie without any sort of advice. It turned out that those children who were asked to empathize with the victims in the violent movie were less likely to exhibit violent behavior than those who just watched the movie.

Compare and Contrast Ww1 & Ww2 Essay

The World Wars were in some ways similar but also, different. The World Wars had similarities in the way the wars were caused, how the wars ended, in regards to who lost, and propaganda. The casualties, the cost, and the military tactics however, were some of their differences. World War I was caused by the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria in June 1914. However, World War II was caused by the political and economic instability in Germany, along with the bad conditions of the Treaty of Versailles . When the treaty of Versailles was put into affect, Germany acknowledged responsibility for the war, which also meant agreeing to pay enormous amounts of money for war reparations and losing land/territory to those who won the war . However, Germany agreed to this with a lot of bitterness. During World War II, Germany, as a nation, grew to really dislike the Treaty of Versailles because they thought it was unfair and that they were unable to pay the reparations due to the time period, the Great Depression. In addition, Hitler’s Rise to Power and his alliances in opposition to the Soviet Union. World War I was based on imperialism while World War II was a result of a clash of ideologies . WWI fought mainly to try and acquire territory. A s for WWII, it was a battle between Fascism and Communism . Even though there were some different causes to the wars, a similar cause would be the fact that the two wars were caused by a country or more than one country would want more power. During World War I, Germany was trying to get a hold of more power than it already had . The idea of having Germany gain more power alarmed many of the other countries, specifically France, England, and Russia, and forced them to go to war with Germany to be able to keep the balance of power within the nations. By World War II, Germany and Japan both believed that they did not have the amount of power they actually deserved . Germany wanted to regain the power it lost after World War I. As for Japan, it wanted to have a larger empire and to be taken in as a major power. Of course, the Allies were against this because they were fond with how everything was balanced at this time period. In the end, Germany would be the country that suffers and is defeated in both World War I and World War II. The difference in the defeat was that during WWI, the defeat was acknowledged, while in WWII, Hitler chose to fight until the final ending, which ultimately led to mass destruction . The outcome of World War I was that German, Russia, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires were militarily and politically defeated. The Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires ceased to exist and the League of Nations emerged. The League of Nations was created in the hope of preventing another conflict . However, it failed due to the emergence of World War II. World War II ended with the Allied powers rising with victory, specifically giving USA and the Soviet Union the reputation of being the two most powerful nations, while Germany and Japan lost . After the League of Nations failed, the United Nations was established so that future conflicts could be handled by â€Å"international cooperation† and by preventing conflicts that could lead up to war . World War II had, by far, the most amount of deaths ever before. World War I had an estimated amount of 10 million dead, 21 million wounded, and 7.7 million missing or imprisoned, while World War II had more than 55 million civilian and military deaths . WWII was fought at a much greater scale and there were 7 times more casualties than in WWI. Also, World War I was located mostly in Europe, while World War II had included nearly the entire world. In addition to the casualties, the costs of the wars were outstanding. It is estimated that the cost of World War I cost about 380 billion dollars, while World War II cost about 42,000 billion dollars . Just the cost alone shows the great difference between World War I and World War II. Warfare methods had been the altered in regards of weaponry. During World War I, soldiers would fight from trenches and would use artillery, machine guns, early airplanes, and poisonous gas . There was little mobility during that time period. On the contrary, World War II fought using nuclear power and missiles . During this time period, many special operations were put into affect. An example of a special operation would be Operation Foxley, where the British military planned to assassinate Adolf Hitler (which was not really put into affect). In addition, submarines and tanks were also more heavily used and secret communication, or â€Å"code,† became more difficult to figure out, which benefitted them so that others would not understand their plan of attack, their location, etc. Radios were invented which were heavily used during WWII, while there were only landline phones in WWI . Something similar between World War I and World War II would be the propaganda that would be used to each countries benefit. During World War I and World War II, propaganda was something that both wars relied heavily upon. The propaganda was so heavily relied on due to the use of creating nationalism and supporting the war efforts on both sides and wars . An example would be how, even though the United States were reluctant in entering the war, when it finally joined, propaganda showed men fighting for their country and having to persuade other men to enlist. In addition, there would be that same type of propaganda for World War II. The propaganda helped to have the nation pull together as a whole and to, more importantly, support the war . Even though WWI and WWII seem close, they have had some major differences between them. In regards to political purposes, they were different. Economically, they were outstandingly different. Militarily, they had some similarities but some differences as well. Germany was a big factor that was important in both World War I and World War II. Overall, there were some similar qualities between both wars. In addition, there were some differences that can be seen between Worlds War II and I.

Thomas Mores Utopia Essay Example

Thomas Mores Utopia Essay Example Thomas Mores Utopia Paper Thomas Mores Utopia Paper Essay Topic: Utopia Utopia Utopia, written by Sir Thomas More, is a description of a seemingly perfect society in contrast to a time and place where the wealthy were extravagant and the poor were worse than poor. England, during More’s time, (which was 1478 to 1535) was a place where the rich got richer and the poor got poorer. The Enclosure Movement that began to rise dramatically in the 1400s under England’s first Tudor king, Henry VII, had created an enormous gap between the wealthy and the poor. The vast majority of people were homeless and poverty stricken, because arable farming had decreased on huge amounts of traditional farm land and which was the only way of survival for the peasants. Vagabonds were imprisoned and thieves were hanged by the thousands. During the reign of Henry VIII, there were at least 72,000 thieves hanged (p. 15). The rich and powerful raised sheep, exported the wool for cash and became richer. In Utopia, More depicted a clear epitome of this time and, indirectly criticized England’s socioeconomical policies through a character created in the book, while reflecting his own humanistic beliefs concerning those policies. More’s, Utopia, or â€Å"perfect society,† is actually a creation of totalitarianism. However, totalitarianism, according to life in England during the Henry VIII reign, for the poor, would have been a much better life instead of one where politics, religion, and greed actually reduced the less fortunate to less than slaves. In Book I of Utopia, More described the consequences of the Enclosure Move-ment and England’s wars that created vagabonds and thieves. Speaking of the â€Å"nobility, gentry and holy men†(p. 18), More wrote that these social classes not only lived in â€Å"idleness and luxury while doing society no good†(p. 18), but, they also directly injured the peasants by enclosing land for pasture, thus, destroying homes and towns (p. 18). Furthermore, because of landowners’ greed, the former workers of the land had no where to go and became idle and were â€Å"jailed as idle vagrants† (p. 19). This enclosing has led to sharply rising food prices in many districts . . . so great numbers are forced from work to idle-ness,† wrote More. Vagrants were imprisoned, although, they were a creation of the rich and powerful, as were the soldiers who were disabled from England’s wars. Hunger stimulated thievery in the former farmers, as well as the disabled s oldiers who went back home to an England that did not support their soldiers after fighting her wars. More wrote, â€Å"it would be much better to enable every man to earn his own living, instead of being driven to the awful necessity of stealing and then dying for it† (p. 16). However, in Utopia, as More wrote, no one was hungry and everybody worked. Slothfulness was not tolerated and there was a job for everyone and everyone had to work. Agriculture was the primary occupation for need and not greed and men, as well as, women worked on the farms. Outside of the farm work, everyone learned a trade. Everyone only worked six hours a day, but because everyone had to work, their working hours provided â€Å"not only enough, but more than enough of the necessities and even conveniences of life†(p. 51). But, everyone was equal. There were no rich and poor and everyone all had the same food, clothing and housing. Private property did not exist. Utopians believed that human life was more valuable than owning material possessions. Practicality and reasoning are fundamentals that More used in his description of Utopian society. Political, religious and social structures are all practical and have a reasoning that are best beneficial to all Utopians. In the political aspect, Utopia was democratic. Any rules or laws made were for the exclusive welfare of all Utopians. Money did not exist and therefore those in government positions could not maintain or acquire power from financial superiority. Their constitution’s main goal was that â€Å"all citizens should be free to withdraw as much time as possible from the service of the body and devote themselves to the freedom and culture of the mind,† and this is where they thought the â€Å"happiness of life† existed (53). The Utopian religion that More depicted was tolerant. It was mandatory for the Utopians to accept three principles that included the belief that all human souls are immortal; humans are born for happiness by God’s grace; and, after death, there will be punishments or rewards according to vice or virtue (p. 6). One of the Utopians’ strictest rules was that no one should suffer concerning their religion and a person who fought about religion was deported or put into slavery (p. 94). Religion was based on reason and nature. â€Å"Virtue,† according to the Utopians, is defined â€Å"as living according to nature, â€Å" and â€Å"when an individual obeys the dictates of r eason in choosing one thing and avoiding another, he is following nature (p. 67). The Utopians believed it especially commendable and virtuous to help other beings in a humanistic manner than to take joy in others miseries (p. 7). The Utopian society that Thomas More created was seemingly a perfect society as an alternative to his sixteenth century world in England. Whether by nature or nurture that the Utopians would have become accustomed to the â€Å"totalitarian† ways of life, giving up their freedom for a guaranteed full stomach, a home and a life where pride and greed had no place to develop, would have been far better than the miseries of the homeless and poverty stricken in More’s real world. More’s world, where politics and religion, intertwined with ambition and power, stimulated wealthy nobles and aristocracy no matter the miseries of those they used to acquire their wealth and power. Power, such as that sought by Henry VIII in his Act of Supremacy that More refused to agree to and cost him his head. Before his beheading, Sir Thomas More did create in his Utopia, a practical and reasonable society. A perfect one is questionable. On one hand a communistic structure guaranteed that the Utopians would all be fed and have their needs, although, everyone was forced to work and would never acquire more than any other for their hard work. On the other hand, because education, religion, morals, private life and even pleasure was all controlled by the Utopian governing officials, the practical and reasonable society was a totalitarian society. The poor and miserable of England in the sixteenth century would probably have been better off in the Utopian world, although liberty was absent from the â€Å"perfect† society. I have read my paper and I did not cheat.

Major Depressive Disorder Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Major Depressive Disorder - Assignment Example All messages, from one neuron to another, transmit through electrical impulses and move in one direction. While impulses emerging from the dendrites, they transmit to the cell body, further to the axon and then to adjacent neurons. Dendrites then notice messages from other neurons and carries signals forward. Axons are insulated by a myelin sheath made up of protein and fat essentially to prevent the short circuiting of messages (Kandel et al., 2000).The space between two neurons called synapse is filled with chemical called neurotransmitters. When an impulse reaches to a terminal button via axon, the terminal button releases a chemical known as neurotransmitter. Thus, neurotransmitters act as a carrier taking messages to a dendrite of a receiving neuron across the synapse. That means within a neuron messages transmit through electrical impulses while between the neurons communication takes place through a chemical mode. It is important to note that not all neurons receive the chemic al mode of communication and different kinds of neurotransmitter differ in their ability to fit at receptor site of neuron. That means communication can take place only when a neurotransmitter fits into a receptor site perfectly. When the message received by the neuron is of excitatory type then neuron fires from its resting state. Thus neurotransmitter is an important link between the person's nervous system and his or her behavior (Kandel et al., 2000). Different kinds of neurons conduct specialized jobs and the mirror neurons are one of them.

Criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Criminology - Essay Example The labeling theory was developed from the interactionist perspective of criminology. Interactionists believe that a person does not become a criminal on their own. Interactionist theories "assume that everyone has the potential to violate the law and that criminality is not an innate human characteristic," according to Schamlleger (2005, p. 245). While social constraints are the primary cause of crime, this alone does not cause someone to act unlawful. Instead these deviant behaviors must be learned and reinforced, which is why the process of socialization is an important factor in determining if someone is going to become a criminal. This means that interactions with society, peer groups, family, the education system, and other social groups play a prominent role, as these interactions provide the individual with morals, values, and a slate of norms in which to adhere to. In addition, this theory believes that a person's position in society will influence their involvement in crime , with those in higher positions in society less likely to partake in criminal behaviors. The labeling theory helped criminologist differentiate between primary and secondary deviance. An offender's initial act of deviance is considered primary deviance. However, continuing these acts is considered secondary deviance, especially if these acts occur as a result of being around other deviant individuals (Schmalleger, 2005). For example, while someone may initially rob a gas station as their primary deviance, secondary deviance may come from being sentenced to jail, meeting fellow criminals, and engaging in additional deviant behavior with them that would not occur if the individual was not associated with them. However, the individual does not have to have direct interaction with other deviant individuals for it to be considered secondary deviance. The action of simply being labeled a criminal can result in secondary deviations (Schmalleger, 2005). Noting and studying labeling in regards to secondary deviance is important, because the negative labels put on an individual e ventually become internalized. The individual labels himself as deviant, and therefore performs deviant behaviors to fit these labels (Schmalleger, 2005). In the 1960s and 70s, criminologists began to question the labeling and interactionist theory. It was during this time that there were a lot of social problems that were causing criminologists to question their loyalty and support to these and other earlier proposed theories. Some of these social problems included the civil rights movement, which gave blacks and whites equal rights, and the war in Vietnam, which was hugely unpopular. Criminologists began to question how they could support theories and interpret laws that discriminated against people and reinforced or caused human suffering. It was at this time that things in the world of criminology began to shift, as a new perspective, Marxist criminology, began to develop. This criminology theory strongly questioned the labeling theory and other theories before it. It was founded upon the writings concerning capitalism by Karl Marx. He was an individual who believed that capitalist societies were divided into two social classes, a small, rich, elite and a large, poor, working class. The elite class served as the ruling class and exploited the poor class

How does a leader find the balance between employee needs and the Essay

How does a leader find the balance between employee needs and the organizational goals of a company - Essay Example Such leaders sometimes prove effective in achieving their goal but they are inconsiderate toward their employees. In my perspective, this type of leadership is not balanced because such leaders can’t approach their goals and reach a decision that can satisfy most of their employees. So being a â€Å"balanced† leader who tries to achieve the company’s goal, and also cares for the workers requires a special approach. First of all, the leader should understand the characteristics of all of their workers, and he/she should use past experience to reach a decision that can satisfy the majority of individuals in the company. Understanding the characteristics of workers is the main objective in drawing a balance between the employees’ need and the organization’s goals. The leader of a company should gather all information about the workers and study each section of their abilities and weaknesses. Employees are human beings and they are not perfect, so understanding their situation is the first step in balancing the employees’ needs and organization’s goal. Then the leader can establish the working style, vision, mission, and rules of organization that can satisfy the employees as well as help the leader achieve the goals of the company. Besides collecting and analyzing the data, leaders should use past experience when they reached a decision for their previous organizations. They should reflect on their past experience while making a recent decision for the company, so that the leaders can learn from their past mistakes that made them distracted from the organization’s goals and also overlook the employees’ needs. This way, the decision they take will satisfy the recent employees’ needs, and approach the organization’s goals. It is complicated to draw a balance between the employees’ needs and the organization’s goals. It is because we are living in the real world that is different from a perfect world. There are no paths to

Fast food restaurant Essay Example for Free

Fast food restaurant Essay Analysis on Fast Food Culture and Its Double-side Effects to the world from the Development of American Fast Food ?. Introduction Fast food is becoming more and more popular around the world these years. It is estimated that there are more than 100 branches of McDonald’s and KFC only in Beijing. The appearances of the fast-food arouse a new thing named â€Å"fast-food culture†, and also the debate about this culture by people. ?. Brief history of American fast food 1. McDonald’s two brothers named Richard and Maurice McDonald left their home in New Hampshire and seeking jobs in southern California. At first they tried opening a theater but it was not a success. Then they caught on to the new craze of eating at drive-in restaurants and they opened one in 1939, in Pasadena, California, calling it â€Å"McDonald’s Famous Hamburgers†. (http://hi. baidu. com/) 2. The Emergences and Expansion of KFC KFC, shorted from Kentucky Fried Chicken, is a chain of fast food restaurants based in Louisville, Kentucky. KFC primarily sells chicken in form of pieces, wraps, salads , sandwiches and so on. The popularity and novelty of KFC made it famous and popular throughout the world. The fast food like KFC is also developed in the whole world. (http://www. kfc. com. cn) ?. The Development of Fast Food Industry Most people think that it is the McDonald brothers who start the fast-food craze in America, but in reality, it is the White Castle hamburger chain that actually started fast food history in America. J. Walter Anderson opened the first White Castle in 1916 in Wichita, Kansas, Richard and Maurice McDonald, the two brothers who created the first McDonald’s restaurant in 1948 in San Bernardino, California. By 1953, the brothers had decided to franchise their idea, and two franchisees opened in Downey, California and Phoenix, Arizona. Today, fast food chains have spread all around the world, and have spread American culture right along with them. There are many more popular chains, like Carls Jr. , Arby’s, Dominos and Dairy Queen, indicating that fast food isn’t always about hamburgers. ?. Globalization In 2006, the global fast food market grew by 4. 8% (Linda Stradley, 2008) Globalization is that the world is moving away from self-contained national economies towards an interdependent, integrated global economic system. It refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. Fast food is becoming more and more popular around the world these years. It is estimated that there are more than 100 branches of McDonald’s and KFC only in Beijing. But the fast food sell in China which crude material is always manufactures in other countries. So if something changed in China, it is sure affects other countries. Fast food is already spread into the world, it is sure increase the knowledge between countries. Conclusion Throughout the world, American fast-food chains have become symbols of Western economic development, opening everywhere from Bulgaria to Western Samoa.and attracted a large number of consumers and the economic benefits. Fast food industry is decided by the development of social progress and economic development, it improves people’s living standards and way of life. The fast food industry is an important industry of living environment and investment environment, and also an important component of the consumer leisure, tourism, consumption, shopping and spending. The competition in the fast food market is very intensely, but should be focused on one aspect: that is, to eat fast food with nutrition, health. High-calorie fast food as a high-fat food is not suitable for eating. Fast food does have double-sided effects on the development of economy and people’s life. Though fast food still have so many shortages of this or that, This kind of food culture is true developed to be part of people’s life, no matter the criticism of fast food is true or not, fast food is still to be a trend in the future. Works Cited Linda Stradley. 2008. What’s Cooking America New York: New York University Press http://hi. baidu. com/ http://www. kfc. com. cn.

Tidal Energy Solutions SWOT Analysis

Tidal Energy Solutions SWOT Analysis Running header: SWOT Analysis SWOT Analysis In todays world there is a major dependence on fossil fuels for our power needs. There are other forms of energy out there like solar and wind but they do not currently offer a good supplement to easing our use of fossil fuels. That is where Tide Energy Solutions (TES) comes in. There goal is to cut its use in half. Allowing for our limited supply to be used primarily for vehicle use and leaving our country to be run by its most prevalent resource, water. The ocean which covers 70 percent of the earth has massive potential in electrical production. The California based company has developed a new buoy based power generating plant which will take the â€Å"motion of the ocean† and turn this into useable energy. The simple description of how it works is easy to explain. Have you ever used a bobber when you went fishing? If you have or even have seen it done then you know that if there is any disturbance in the water then the bobber will rise with the water level. In the ocean there are constantly waves. By placing a much larger â€Å"bobber† they are able to take the rising motion created by the oceans waves and turn it into energy. The bottom of the buoy is heavily weighted so as a wave comes in, the buoyant top pulls away from the bottom driving the generators piston creating power. This power can then be transferred to land by a cable connected directly to the buoy or transferred to a ocean power management facility which can then send it out. Using SWOT analysis we can take a closer look to see the viability of the company. Internal Strengths Weaknesses 1. Unique patented product that is not easily duplicated. 2. Cost of sustaining energy production is marginal when compared to cost of sustaining fossil fuel production. 3. Renewable energy allows continuous operation. 4. Relatively new field. 5. Environmentally friendly. 6. Unique coating will protect product parts from salt water erosion for many years. 7. Company located on the coast so highway transport is not needed, saving cost. 1. High initial production cost. 2. Manufacturing process has low turnaround. 3. Maintenance can be costly/difficult on an in-place unit. 4. Degradation of metal parts will eventually occur in salt water and the unit will need to be replaced. 5. Limited data on length of life of product. 6. Geographically limiting factors External Opportunities Threats 1. Need for new forms of power. 2. Ability to produce power without limiting factors such as sun light or wind. 3. With more advancement cost to implement will become lower. 4. Environmentally pollution free. 1. New company could imitate or create more effective product. 2. Power giants. 3. Larger company with infrastructure could take over. 4. Environmental concerns over effect on sea life. 5. Cost could out weigh gains. Strengths There are many strengths to TES and they are as follows. First is the patented equipment developed and employed by them. No other company currently offers a product that uses our specific technology. This means that the ability for another company to attempt to catchup down the road is much less likely. Also given the limited nature of other companies in the market there arent many competitors that offer buoy specific technology. Another great strength is that compared to the daily cost to run fossil fuel processing plant, with workers, transport of raw materials, processing, etc. the daily operating cost of their product is virtually nothing. Although there are many aspects to keeping a processing plant running on a day to day basis, however the product simply needs to be put in place and wired to a power plant. While the cost of energy production remains so low there is also the fact that the main source the product is renewable, non-polluting, and widely available. Also through a partnering with a marine aquatics company they have been able to find a new underwater coating that will prevent damage to the metal components for 30 years compared to many of todays current products which will only last half that. Then there is the fact they are located on the coast with their own water access. This allows them to ship directly anywhere in the world and because they are used in the ocean there is no need to transport them over highways. A benefit to this is the money and time saved not having to determine logistical routes, obtaining transportation permits, and additional problems with road travel. Weaknesses Where there are strengths there are bound to be weaknesses. The first is the high initial cost of the power plant. There are many factors that have to be accounted for when they are being placed. They have to be built and loaded on to a properly equipped ship to be taken to there location, cable has to be run from the buoy location to an appropriate power plant and if one doesnt exist one may have to be built or a new location selected. Another weakness is the amount of time to produce the devices. Due to the newness of the field and low demand, manufacturing techniques are not at a level for quick mass production. Maintenance will also be a concerning issue. Maintenance will have to be performed underwater or by removing the power plant so that it may worked on out of water. Although both tasks are simple in itself the equipment and training required would be a unique skill set among todays market. Product life is an area were there is an element of uncertainty. While confident that the product is quality made, unpredictable factors could occur as they have not had a model subjected to 30 years of real world use. There are also factors that could cause limited geographic placement of the product. Things such as the wiring that is run to the power plant, existing underwater obstructions, and current marine shipping routes. The final weakness to mention is the fact that although there is an anticipated 30 year life, saltwater will eventually cause a degradation of metal components that will lead to large scale part replacement or replacement of the entire unit. Opportunities Next we will look at the opportunities that are available. Firstly anyone can tell you that there is a greater need for alternative energy sources. While this does not propose a solution to all of them, it can alleviate and substitute a growing need. The benefit to this energy source is greater than current technologies with solar and wind. Solar and wind technologies have their limiting factors. Such as solar on being viable in sunny open areas and only useable obvious during the day. Wind turbines have a limited amount of places that they can placed, require good wind flow, and take up land space. With this being a newer technology advancements in the field will only lead to a lower production cost and faster turn around times in the future. One of the most beneficial parts of the product are its environmentally friendliness. It has no harmful emissions, requires to external input, and takes up minimal space when compared to the vastness of the ocean. Threats Lastly there are the threats that are possible to look at. While this field is limited in competitors they are not the only ones currently in production of similar or different products that harness tidal energy. There is always the possibility of new form of tidal harvesting that could be discovered to have a much lower cost associated that would leave our product obsolete. Also there is a possibility of the larger power companies trying to gain a greater advantage by venturing into the tidal energy market, and if this was the case then we could not compete on a financial level with them. As for environmental concerns, while there is no emissions or pollution to speak of there are various oils and hydraulic fluids housed in the power plants. If they were to become damaged there is a possibility contaminating the ocean. Also different environmental groups are concerned that the introduction of our power plant on indigenous sea life. Mainly if they would still be able to inhabit the a rea surrounding said power plant or will be driven away. If the viability of our product does not pick up it is very possible that the initial costs will scare away the long-term gains of the our project. Overall there is quite a bit to consider in with this company. While the potential for growth in the field is quite great there are many unknown variables. It is possible that the high initial costs will be to great and overshadow the chance for the product to develop to a common use stage. Based on the SWOT analysis conducted I dont feel that continuing this product at the this time is wise. With the development of new technologies and better integration into the current system their exists the chance for a re-examination at a later date. References Dess, G. G.,Lumpkin, G. T., Eisner, A. B. (2010). Strategic management creating competitive advantages, (5th Ed.). New, York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Humphrey, A. S. (August 2004). SWOT Analysis. http://www.businessballs.com/. Retrieved January 16, 2014, from http://www.businessballs.com/. Ocean Power Technologies. (2002). Retrieved from http://www.oceanpowertechnologies.com/ January 16, 2014. Renault, V. (2013). SWOT Analysis: Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. ctb.ku.edu. Retrieved January 17, 2014, from ctb.ku.edu.